Table 1 Classification of fillers and their applications
Category | Application | Examples | Particle Size (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|
Reinforcing fillers | These types of fillers are used to improve the mechanical properties of rubber compounds | Carbon black, silica, Graphite, CNT, and so on | 10–100 |
Semi-reinforcing fillers | These types of fillers have very little ability to enhance the mechanical properties and strength of rubber compounds. They acts as a low-cost complement to other fillers. | Hard clay, precipitated calcium carbonate, and so on | 100–1000 |
Non-reinforcing fillers | These types of fillers reduce the mechanical properties of rubber composites. But they are added to the rubber compounds as extenders for cost-effectiveness. | Calcium carbonate (dry ground), talc, barium sulfate, metal oxides, and so on | 1000–100,000 |