Table 1 Main properties of composites of polymers with carbonaceous additives prepared by FDM as reported in literature. ^a CF: carbon fibre, ^b CNT/MWCNTs: carbon nanotube/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ^c CB: carbon black, ^d PEI: Poly(ether imide)

 ABS

^aCF(13 wt%)

CTE(μm/m°C):9.85; TC (W/mK):0.4 (in-plane)

 PLA

^bGraphite (30 wt%)/CNT(1 wt%)

TC(W/mK):5

 PLA

Graphene

ΔT(°C): 0.5; (Voltage applied: 10 V, time: 300 s)

 PA6

Graphite (50 wt%)

TC(W/mK):5.5 (through-plane)

 ABS

CNT(8 wt%)

ΔT(°C):250; (Voltage applied:24 V,10s)

 ABS

Graphite (4.3vol%) CF(1.7vol%)

TC(W/mK):0.4 (in-plane)

TC(W/mK):0.2 (in-plane)

 ABS

Graphite (21.7w%)

TC(W/mK):17.60

 PA12

GNP(10 wt%)

TC(W/mK):1.2

 PA12

CF(10 wt%)

TC(W/mK):0.8

 ABS

CNT (10 wt%)

EC (S/cm):3.3x10⁻⁶

 PLA

^bMWCNT (10 wt%)

EC (S/cm):6x10³

 PCL

^cCB (15 wt%)

Electrical resistance (kΩ): 19 (60s)

 Epoxy

CNF(4 wt%)

Surface resistivity (Ω/sq.):1000; Volume resistivity (Ωcm):1000

 TPU

MWCNT (3 wt%)

Relative resistance (R/R0):6 (tensile strain: 50%, 20 cycles)

 PLA

CF(20 wt%)

Relative resistance (R/R0):3.5 (tensile strain:1.7%, stress: 20 MPa)

Relative resistance (R/R0):1.2 (tensile strain:5%, Force (N):100)

 ABS

CNT(8 wt%)

Electrical resistivity (Ωcm):1

^dPEI

MWCNT

Resistance (Ω):15.37 (220 s under cyclical mechanical loading)

 PBT

CNT(0.04vol%)

EC(S/m):10

Graphene (0.09vol%)

EC(S/m):1

 ABS

Graphene (8 wt%)

EC(S/m):0.01

 PLA

Graphene (8 wt%)

EC(S/m):1

CNT(8 wt%)

EC(S/m):1

ABS

CB(1.32vol%)

EC(S/cm):10⁻⁸

CNT(1.38vol%)

EC(S/cm):0.01

ABS

CB(15 wt%)

Resistivity (Ω·m):120@1 Hz

PLA

GNP(8 wt%)

Capacitance (μF): 28@0.5 μA

PMMA

GNP (10 wt%)

EC(S/cm):14.2

 ABS

MWCNT (10 wt%)

E (MPa): 1600; σ(MPa): 56; ε(%): 5

 ABS

CNT (3 wt%) + CF

E (MPa): 3400

 PLA

CF (6.6 vol%)

E (MPa): 20000; σ(MPa):180; ε(%): 1

 ABS

CF (10 wt%)

E (MPa):7900; σ(MPa):37.4; ε(%): 5

 PLA

Graphene (0.5 wt%)

E (MPa):2000; σ(MPa):40; ε(%): 25

 PLA

MWCNT (0.5 wt%)

E (MPa):2500; σ(MPa):40; ε(%): 25

 ABS

CF(7.5 wt%)

E (MPa):2500; σ(MPa):25; Ductility (%): 3

 PLA

CF (13 wt%)

E increase (%):350; σ(MPa):200

 ABS

CF (30 wt%)

E (MPa):13000; σ(MPa):60

 Epoxy

CF

E (GPa):161.4;σ(MPa):793

Flexural modulus (GPa):144; Flexural strength (MPa):202

 PLA

CF

Flexural modulus (GPa): 10; Flexural strength (MPa):180 (T_liquefier = 210 °C, layer thickness = 0.5 mm)

 PLA

Modified CF

Flexural modulus (MPa):91; Flexural strength (MPa):156

 Epoxy

SiC/C (31vol%)

E (GPa):24.5; σ(MPa):66.2

 Nylon

CF (34.5vol%)

σ (MPa):500; ε(%): 1.7 (6CF layers)

 ABS

CF(1.4vol%)

σ (kN):1.5; Stroke (mm):4.5

 TPU

MWCNT(3 wt%)

σ(MPa):3; ε(%):50 (20 cycles, linear biaxial sensor)

 ABS

CF(13 wt%)

E (MPa):71; σ(MPa):7

 PLA

CF(20 wt%)

σ(MPa):32.5; ε(%): 1.7

Flexural strength (MPa):68.2; Flexural strain(%):5

 PEI

CNT

σ(MPa):120; ε(%):5

 PLA

Graphene(8 wt%)

σ(MPa):60; ε(%):4

 ABS

Graphene (8 wt%)

E (MPa):3500;σ(MPa):2700

 ABS

CF(18 wt%)

σ(MPa):58.6

 PLA

Recycled CF

E (GPa):20;σ(MPa):250

Flexural modulus (GPa):13;Flexural strength (MPa):250

 ABS

CNT(8 wt%)

σ(MPa):37;ε(%):7

 ABS

Graphite(4.3vol%)

σ(MPa):37.55; ε(%):6

CF(1.7vol%)

σ(MPa):35.73; ε(%):10

 PA12

GNP(6 wt%)

E (MPa):2252; σ(MPa):41; ε(%):12

 PA12

CF(6 wt%)

E (MPa):2700; σ(MPa):80; ε(%):5

 PLA

Graphene

E (GPa):4; Nanohardness (MPa):146

Wear volume loss (mm³):3.5 (20 N, 30s)

Creep displacement (μm):0.3 (25mN, 1 s)

 PLA

Graphene (2 wt%)

E (MPa):900; σ(MPa):60

Flexural modulus (MPa):3070; Flexural strength (MPa):94.2

CNT (2 wt%)

Flexural modulus (MPa):2620; Flexural strength (MPa):82

 PA6

CF(25vol%)

E (GPa):53

 PEEK

MWCNT(5vol%)

Ultimate strength (MPa): 105

 PA6

CF(40vol%)

E (GPa):68 ± 6; σ(MPa):700 ± 70

 TPU/PLA

GO(5 wt%)

E (MPa): 55

 PEEK

CF(28vol%)/GNP(5vol%)

E (GPa): 7

 EVA

Graphite (40 wt%)

Compressive strength (MPa): 30; Hardness (Shore D): 28

 PLA

GNP(10 wt%)

E:2.4 GPa; σ: 40 MPa

 ABS

MWCNT(8 wt%)

E (MPa): 2150 ± 80; σ(MPa): 46.9 ± 0.9; ε(%): 4.0 ± 0.7

 PLA

GNP(12 wt%)

E (GPa): 3.5 ± 0.048 ± 0.257