Fig. 5
From: 3D printing of graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications
Schematic representation of graphene nanocomposite production: a Preparing graphene by 1) exfoliation of graphite intercalation materials; (2) solvothermal exfoliation; (3) electrochemical activation uses an applied potential to drive exfoliation; (4) sonication in organic solvents uses direct sonication in various solvents, but without auxiliary stabilizer present; (5) sonication with stabilizer; (6) chemical oxidation to graphene oxide followed by chemical reduction back to reduced single-sheet graphene oxide; b Dispersion of graphene in the polymer matrix by melt mixing, solution mixing or in situ polymerization. Adapted from [49, 50]