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Fig. 10 | Functional Composite Materials

Fig. 10

From: 3D printing of graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications

Fig. 10

a Images and scanning laser confocal 3D reconstruction projections of live stained (green) and dead stained (red) hMSCs on different scaffolds after 1, 7 and 14 days of seeding. b Number of hMSCs present on scaffolds as a function of composition and days after seeding, according to DNA quantification. Dotted line represents initial cell seeding number. c Neurogenic relevant gene expression of cells on scaffolds with 20 and 60 vol% graphene after 7 and 14 days of seeding, normalized to expression of day 0 (unseeded hMSCs). SEM micrographs of hMSCs on (d) 20 and (e) 60 vol% graphene scaffolds 7 days after seeding. f High-magnification SEM micrograph of cells on day 7, 60 vol% graphene scaffolds, revealing hMSC connecting via a small “intercellular” wire. g Scanning laser confocal 3D reconstruction of live (green) and dead (red) cells on day 14 for 60 vol% graphene scaffolds and (h) detail of cell indicated by yellow arrow in (f). For panels b and c, “*” indicates significance of p < 0.05 between compared groups (n = 4); “**” indicates significant (p < 0.05) difference over previous time point for the same material group. Reproduced with permission from [107]

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