Thermochromic phantoms and paint to characterize and model image-guided thermal ablation and ablation devices: a review

Functional Composite Materials

Table 2 Different irreversible tissue mimicking thermochromic phantom formulations and their respective compatible heating devices

Thermochromic phantom containing	Compatible heating device
	Laser	RF	MW	HIFU	Note
Acrylamide gel +Ink only [18]	✓		✓
Acrylamide gel + Ink + salt [20]	✓	✓	✓
Acrylamide gel + Ink + BSA [91]	✓		✓		Relative temp. Could also be monitored using MR (from BSA coagulation)
Acrylamide gel + Ink + SiO₂ [19]	✓		✓	✓
Acrylamide gel + Ink + BSA + Salt [19]	✓	✓	✓		Relative temp. Could also be monitored using MR (from BSA coagulation)
Acrylamide gel + Ink + BSA + Salt + SiO₂ [19]	✓	✓	✓	✓	Relative temp. Could also be monitored using MR (from BSA coagulation)
Polyvinyl alcohol + INK+NaCl [95, 97]	✓	✓		✓
Silicone + INK [26]				✓
Agar + INK + egg yolk + Salt [23]		✓
Polydiacetylene, agar and lipid [75, 76]				✓
Thermochromic liquid crystal [105,106,107,108]	✓	✓	✓	✓